L |
| Fifth
letter of a Nasdaq stock symbol specifying that the issue is a class of stock such as third preferred class of warrants, foreign preferred, sixth class of preferred stock, or preferred when issued stock. |
LBO |
| See:
Leveraged buyout |
LDC |
| See:
Less developed countries |
LEAPS |
| See:
Long-Term Anticipation Securities |
LIBOR |
| See:
London Interbank Offered Rate |
LIFFE |
| See:
London International Financial Futures Exchange |
LIFO |
| See:
Last in, first out |
LOC |
| See:
Letter of credit |
LTV |
| See:
Loan-to-value ratio |
LYON |
| See:
Liquid yield option note |
Ladder strategy |
| A
bond portfolio
construction strategy that invests approximately equal amounts in every maturity within a given range. |
Lady Macbeth Strategy |
| Strategy
in which a third party poses as a white
knight in a takeover bid,
and then joins forces with an unfriendly bidder. |
Laffer curve |
| A
curve conjecturing that economic output will increase if marginal tax rates are cut. Named after economist Arthur Laffer. |
Lag |
| Payment
of a financial obligation later than is expected or required, as in lead and lag. Also, the number of periods that an independent variable in a regression
model is "held back" in order to predict the dependent variable. |
Lag response of prepayments |
| A
delay of typically about three months between the time the weighted-average coupon of an MBS pool crosses the threshold for refinancing and observation of an acceleration in prepayment speed is observed. |
Lagging indicators |
| Economic
indicators that follow rather than precede the country's overall pace of economic activity. See also: Leading indicators and coincident
indicators. |
Laisse-faire |
| Doctrine
that a government should not interfere with business and economic affairs. |
Lambda
|
| The ratio of a change in the option price to a small change in the option volatility. It is the partial derivative of the option price with respect to the option volatility. |
Land contract |
| A
method of real estate financing; a mortgage-holding seller finances a buyer by taking a down payment and subsequent payments in installments, but holds the title until the mortgage is fully repaid. |
Landlord |
| A
property owner who rents property to a tenant. |
Lapsed option |
| An
option that no longer has any value because it has reached its expiration date without being exercised. |
Large-cap |
| A
stock with a high level of capitalization, usually at least $5 billion market value. |
Lagging
indicators |
| Economic indicators that follow rather than precede the country's overall pace of economic activity. See also: Leading indicators and coincident
indicators. |
Last in, first out |
| ? |
Last sale |
| The
most recent trade performed in a security. |
Last
split
|
| After a stock
split, the number of shares
distributed for each share held and the date of the distribution. |
Last trading day
|
| The final day under an exchange's rules during which trading may take place in a particular futures or options
contract. Contracts outstanding
at the end of the last trading day must be settled by delivery of underlying
physical commodities or financial instruments,
or by agreement for monetary settlement, depending futures contract specifications. |
Late charge |
| A
fee a credit grantor charges a borrower for a late payment. |
Late tape |
| A
delay in the display of price changes on the tape of an exchange because of heavy trading.
In severe instances the first digit of each price is intentionally deleted. |
Launder |
| To
move illegally acquired cash through financial systems so that it appears to be legally acquired. |
Law of large numbers |
| The
mean of a random sample approaches the mean (expected value) of the population as sample size increases. |
Law of one price |
| An
economic rule stating that a given security
must have the same price no matter how the security is created. If the payoff of a security can be synthetically created by a package of other securities, the implication is that the price of the package and the price of the security whose payoff it replicates must be equal. If it is unequal, an arbitrage opportunity would present itself. |
Lay off |
| In
the context of general equities, this eliminates all or part of a position by finding customers or other dealers to take the position. |
Layup |
| Used
in the context of general equities. Easily executed
trade or order.
See: Lead pipe. |
Lead |
| Payment
of a financial obligation earlier than is expected or required. |
Lead manager |
| The
commercial or investment bank
with the primary responsibility for organizing syndicated
bank credit or bond issued.
The lead manager recruits additional lending or underwriting
banks, negotiates terms of the issue with the issuer,
and assesses market conditions. |
Lead pipe |
| Used
in the context of general equities. Virtually certain that trade will take place; lead pipe cinch. See: Layup. |
Lead
regulator |
| A leading self-regulatory organization that over sees compliance with a particular section of the law, such as the NYSE, ASE,
or NASDAQ. |
Lead underwriter |
| The
head of a syndicate of financial firms that are sponsoring an initial public offering of securities
or a secondary offering of securities.
Could also apply to bond
issues. |
Leader |
| A
stock or group of stocks that is the first to move in a market upsurge or downturn. |
Leading economic indicators |
| Economic
series that tend to rise or fall in advance of the rest of the economy. |
Leading the market |
| In
the context of general equities, this is a stock
or group of stocks moving with the market
as a whole, but moving in advance of the general market. |
Leakage |
| Release
of information selectively or not before official public announcement. |
Lease |
| A
long-term rental agreement, and a form of secured long-term debt. |
Lease
acquisition cost |
| The legal fees and other expenses incurred when acquiring a lease. |
Leasehold |
| An
asset providing the right to use property under a lease agreement. |
Leasehold improvement |
| An
improvement made to leased property. |
Lease-purchase agreement |
| An
agreement that allows for portions of lease
payments to be used to purchase the leased property. |
Lease rate |
| The
payment per period stated in a lease
contract. |
Leaseback |
| A
transaction that involves the sale of some property, and an agreement by the seller to lease the property back from the buyer after the sale. |
Leaves
|
| Used in the context of general equities. Remains to buy or sell of a previously entered order after a report of partial execution has been given. If the floor broker to buy 20M IBM at $115, and he then buys 6M at this price, his report would be, "You bought 6M IBM at $115; leaves 14." |
Ledger cash |
| A
firm's cash balance as reported in its financial statements. Also called book cash. |
Leg |
| A
prolonged trend in stock market prices, such as a multiple-period bull market; or, an option
that is one side of a spread
transaction. See: Lifting
a leg. |
Leg up |
| Used
in the context of general equities. (1)Have a portion of the offsetting side of a trade
in your pocket (spoken for)
so your capital risk
in the transaction is reduced. (Purchase of 10,000 of a 50,000 buy order leaves the trader
a "leg up".) (2) Complete one side of a two-sided transaction, as in a swap or contingency
order. |
LEGAL |
| A
computerized database maintained by the NYSE
to keep track of enforcement actions, audits, and complaints against member firms. This term is not an acronym but is referred to in capitals. |
Legal capital |
| Value
at which a company's shares
are recorded in its books. |
Legal
bankruptcy |
| A legal proceeding for liquidating or reorganizing a business. |
Legal defeasance |
| The
deposit of cash and permitted securities, as specified in the bond indenture, into an irrevocable trust sufficient to enable the issuer to fully discharge its obligations under the bond indenture. |
Legal entity |
| A
person or organization that can legally enter into a contract, and may therefore be sued for failure to comply with the terms of the contract. |
Legal
investments |
| Investments
that a regulated entity is permitted to make under the rules and regulations that govern its conduct. |
Legal list |
| A
list of high-quality debt and equity securities
chosen by a state agency that are acceptable holdings for fiduciary institutions. |
Legal monopoly |
| A
government-regulated firm that is legally entitled to be the only company offering a particular service in a particular area. |
Legal opinion |
| A
statement, usually written by a specialized law firm, required for a new municipal bond issue
stating that the issue is legally acceptable. |
Legal transfer |
| A
stock transaction
that requires special documentation in addition to standard stock or bond power to be legally valid. |
Legislative risk |
| The
risk that new or changed legislation will have a large positive or negative effect on an investment. |
Legitimate |
| Used
in the context of general equities. Real interest in trading as compared to a profile
stance. See: Natural. |
Lemon |
| An
investment with poor results. |
Lend |
| To
provide money temporarily on the condition that it or its equivalent will be returned, often with an interest fee. |
Lender |
| Businesses that provide loans to others. |
Lender of last resort |
| Traditionally
the Federal Reserve Bank in the U.S., which assists banks that face large withdrawals of funds and in so doing stabilizes the banking system. |
Lending agreement |
| A
contract regarding funds transferred between a lender and a borrower. |
Lending at a premium |
| A
loan from one broker to another of securities to cover a customer's short position, with a borrowing
fee included. A fee is unusual since securities
are normally lent freely between brokers. |
Lending at a rate |
| Interest paid to a customer on the credit balance received from a short sale. |
Lending
securities |
| Securities
borrowed from a broker's inventory, from another customer's margin account, or from another broker, when a customer is required to deliver on a short sale. |
Less-developed countries (LDCs) |
| Also
known as emerging markets. Countries who's per capita GDP is below a World
Bank-determined level. |
Lessee |
| An entity that leases an asset
from another entity. |
Lessor |
| An entity that leases an asset
to another entity. |
Letter
of comment |
| A communication to the firm from the SEC that suggests changes to its registration statement. |
Letter of credit (LOC) |
| A
form of guarantee of payment issued
by a bank on behalf of a borrower that assures the payment of interest and repayment of principal
on bond issues. |
Letter of intent |
| An
assurance by a mutual fund
shareholder that a certain amount of money will be invested monthly, in exchange for lower sales charges. In mergers, a preliminary merger
agreement between companies after significant negotiations. |
Letter stock |
| Privately
placed common stock, so-called because the SEC requires a letter from the purchaser stating that the stock is not intended for resale. |
Level |
| Used
in the context of general equities. Price measure of an indication. |
Level-coupon
bond |
| Bond with a stream of coupon payments that remain the same throughout the life of the bond. |
Level debt service |
| A
municipal charter provision that debt
payments must be relatively equal from year to year so that required revenue projections are easier. |
Level load |
| A
mutual fund that charges a permanent sales charge, usually at some fixed percentage. See: Front-end loads and back-end loads. |
Level pay |
| Scheduling
principal and interest
payments (P&I) due under a mortgage
so that total monthly payment of P&I is the same. different from the typical mortgage for which the principal payment component of the monthly payment becomes gradually greater while the monthly interest component shrinks. |
Level term insurance |
| A
life insurance policy with a fixed face value and increasing premiums. |
Leverage |
| The
use of debt financing, or property of rising or falling at a proportionally greater amount than comparable investments. For example, an option is said to have high leverage compared to the underlying stock
because a given price change in the stock may result in a greater increase or decrease in the value of the option. |
Leverage clientele |
| A
group of shareholders who, because of their personal leverage, seek to invest in corporations that maintain a compatible degree of corporate leverage. |
Leverage ratios |
| Measures
of the relative value of stockholders,
capitalization, and creditors obligations,
and of the firm's ability to pay financing charges. Value of firm's debt to the total value of the firm (debt plus stockholder capitalization). |
Leverage rebalancing |
| Making
transactions to adjust (rebalance) a firm's leverage
ratio to a target ratio. |
Leveraged
beta |
| The beta
of a leveraged required
return; that is, the beta as adjusted for the degree of leverage in the firm's capital
structure. |
Leveraged
buyout (LBO)
|
| A transaction used to take a public corporation private that is financed through debt such as bank loans
and bonds. Because of the large amount of debt relative to equity in the new corporation, the bonds are typically rated below investment-grade, properly referred to as high-yield bonds or junk
bonds. Investors can participate in an L.B.O. through either the purchase of the debt (i.e., purchase of the bonds or participation in the bank loan) or the purchase of equity through an L.B.O. fund that specializes in such investments. |
Leveraged company |
| A
company that has debt in its capital structure. |
Leveraged equity |
| Stock in a firm that relies on financial leverage. Holders of leveraged equity experience the benefits and costs of using debt. |
Leveraged
investment company |
| An investment company or mutual
fund entitled to borrow
capital for its operations. Also, an investment company that issues both income shares and capital
shares. |
Leveraged
lease |
| A lease
arrangement under which the lessor
borrows a large proportion of the funds needed to purchase the asset. The lender
has a lien on the assets and a pledge of the lease payments to secure the borrowing. |
Leveraged portfolio
|
| A portfolio
that includes risky assets
purchased with funds borrowed. |
Leveraged
recapitalization |
| Often used in risk arbitrage. A public company takes on significant additional debt with the purpose of either paying an extraordinary dividend or repurchasing shares,
leaving the public shareholders
with a continuing interest in a more financially leveraged
company. Popular form of shark repellent
See: Stub. |
Leveraged
required return |
| The required return on an investment when the investment is financed partially by debt. |
Leveraged
stock |
| Stocks
financed with credit, such as that purchased on a margin account. |
Liability
|
| A financial obligation, or the cash outlay that must be made at a specific time to satisfy the contractual terms of such an obligation. |
Liability
funding strategies
|
| Investment strategies that select assets so that cash
flows will equal or exceed the client's obligations. |
Liability insurance |
| Insurance
guarding against damage or loss that the policyholder, may cause another person in the form of bodily injury or property damage. |
Liability
swap
|
| An interest
rate swap used to alter the cash
flow characteristics of an institution's liabilities
so as to provide a better match with its assets. |
Lien |
| A
security interest in one or more assets that lenders
hold in exchange for secured debt financing. |
Life annuity |
| An
annuity that pays a fixed amount for the lifetime of the annuitant. |
Life cycle |
| The
lifetime of a product or business, from its creation to its demise or transformation. |
Life expectancy |
| The
length of time that an average person is expected to live, which is used by insurance companies use to make projections of benefit payouts. |
Life insurance |
| An
insurance policy that pays a monetary benefit to the insured person's survivors after death. |
Life insurance in force |
| The
dollar amount of life insurance that a company has issued, measured as the sum of policy face values and dividends
paid. |
Life insurance policy |
| The
contract that sets out the terms of life insurance coverage. |
Lifetime reverse mortgage |
| A
type of mortgage in which a homeowner borrows against the value a home, while retaining title, and making no payments while residing in the home. When the owner ceases living in the house, the property is sold, and the loan repaid. |
Lift |
| An
increase in securities prices, as shown by some economic indicator. |
Lifted |
| Refers
to over-the-counter trading. Having an offer
taken in a stock, followed by the market maker raising the offer
price. |
Lifting
a leg |
| Closing out one side of a long-short arbitrage before the other is closed. |
Lighten up |
| Selling
some part of a stock or bond position
in a portfolio to realize capital gains or to losses or increase cash assets. |
Limit
on close order |
| An order
to buy or sell stock at the closing price only if the price is at a predetermined level or better. |
Limit order
|
| An order
to buy a stock
at or below a specified price, or to sell a stock at or above a specified price. For instance, you could tell a broker "buy
me 100 shares of XYZ Corp at $8 or less" or "sell 100 shares of XYZ at $10 or better" The customer specifies a price, and the order can be executed only if the market
reaches or betters that price. A conditional trading
order designed to avoid the danger of adverse unexpected price changes. |
Limit
order book
|
| A record of unexecuted
limit orders maintained by the specialist. These orders
are treated equally with other orders in terms of priority of execution. |
Limit
order information system |
| The
electronic system supplying information about securities
traded on participating exchanges
so that the best securities
prices can be found. |
Limit price |
| See:
Maximum price fluctuation |
Limit up, limit down |
| The
maximum price change allowed for a commodity
futures contract
per trading day. |
Limitation on asset dispositions |
| A
bond covenant that restricts in some way a firm's ability to sell major assets. |
Limitation
on conversion |
| Applies mainly to convertible securities. Possible delay in convertibility. More frequently, the right to convert may be terminable prior to a redemption date, preventing the holder from receiving a final coupon or dividend.
See: Accrued interest. |
Limitation on liens |
| A
bond covenant that restricts in some way a firm's ability to grant liens on its assets. |
Limitation on merger, consolidation, or sale |
| A
bond covenant that restricts in some way a firm's ability to merge or consolidate with another firm. |
Limitation on sale-and-leaseback |
| A
bond covenant that restricts in some way a firm's ability to enter into sale-and-leaseback transactions, financing techniques that could affect creditor thinness.. |
Limitation on subsidiary borrowing |
| A
bond covenant that restricts in some way a firm's ability to borrow at the level of firm subsidiary. |
Limited company |
| A
form of business commonly used in the U.K. comparable to incorporation in the U.S. |
Limited discretion |
| Permission
by a client that allows a broker
to make certain stock and option trades
without first consulting the client about the trade. |
Limited liability |
| Limitation
of loss to what has already been invested. |
Limited-liability instrument |
| A
security, such as a call
option, in which the owner can lose only the initial investment. |
Limited partner |
| A
partner who has limited legal liability
for the obligations of the partnership. |
Limited partnership |
| A
partnership that includes one or more partners who have limited liability. |
Limited payment policy |
| Life insurance providing full life protection but requiring premiums for only part of the customer's lifetime. |
Limited risk |
| The
risk inherent in options contracts,
which is much lower than that of a futures
contract, which has unlimited risk. The maximum loss in buying a call option, for example, is the premium paid for the option. |
Limited price order |
| Used
in the context of general equities. See: Limit
order. |
Limited-tax
general obligation bond
|
| A general obligation bond of a government backed by specified or constrained revenue sources. |
Limited warranty |
| A
warranty with certain conditions and limitations on the parts covered, type of damage covered, and/or time period for which the agreement is good. |
Line of credit |
| An
informal loan arrangement between a bank and a customer allowing the customer to borrow up to a prespecified amount. |
Linear programming |
| Technique
for finding the maximum value of some equation, subject to stated linear constraints. |
Linear regression |
| A
statistical technique for fitting a straight line to a set of data points. |
Lintner's observations |
| John
Lintner's work (1956) suggests that dividend
policy is related both a target level, and to the speed of adjustment of change in dividends. |
Lipper Mutual Fund Industry Average |
| The
average level of performance for all mutual
funds, as reported by Lipper Analytical Services. |
Liquid asset |
| Asset that is easily and cheaply turned into cash-notably, cash itself and short-term securities. |
Liquid yield option note (LYON) |
| Zero-coupon, callable,
putable, convertible bond developed by Merrill Lynch & Co. |
Liquidating dividend |
| Payment
by a firm to its owners from capital
rather than from earnings. |
Liquidation
|
| Occurs when a firm's business is terminated. Assets are sold, proceeds are used to pay creditors, and any leftovers are distributed to shareholders. Any transaction that offsets or closes out a long
or short position. Related: Buy in, evening
up, offset liquidity. |
Liquidation rights |
| The
rights of a firm's securityholders in the event the firm liquidates. |
Liquidation value |
| Net
amount that could be realized by selling the assets
of a firm after paying the debt. |
Liquidator |
| Person
appointed by an unsecured creditor
in the United Kingdom to oversee the sale of an insolvent
firm's assets and the repayment of its debts. |
Liquidity
|
| A high level of trading
activity, allowing buying and selling with minimum price disturbance. Also, a market characterized by the ability to buy and sell with relative ease. Antithesis of illiquidity. |
Liquidity diversification |
| Investing
in a variety of maturities
to reduce the price risk to which holding long bonds exposes the investor. |
Liquidity Fund |
| A
California company that buys real estate limited
partnership interests at 25% to 35% lower than the current value of the real estate assets. |
Liquidity
preference hypothesis |
| The
argument that greater liquidity is valuable, all else equal. Also, the theory that the forward rate exceeds expected future interest rates. |
Liquidity premium |
| Forward rate minus expected future short-term interest rate. |
Liquidity ratios |
| Ratios
that measure a firm's ability to meet its short-term financial obligations on time, such as the ratio of current assets to current liabilities. |
Liquidity
risk
|
| The risk
that arises from the difficulty of selling an asset
in a timely manner. It can be thought of as the difference between the "true value" of the asset and the likely price, less commissions. |
Liquidity
theory of the term structure
|
| A biased expectations
theory that asserts that the implied forward rates will not be a pure estimate of the market's expectations of future interest rates because they embody a liquidity premium. |
Lisbon Stock Exchange (LSE) |
| Stock exchange trading
stocks, bonds, and unit trusts. The BVL general index is the exchange's official index. |
Listed firm |
| A
company whose stock trades
on a stock exchange, and conforms to listing requirements. |
Listed option |
| An
option that has been accepted for trading on an exchange. |
Listed security |
| Stock or bond
that has been accepted for trading
by one of the organized and registered securities
exchanges in the United States. Generally, the advantages of being listed are that exchanges provide: (1) an orderly marketplace; (2) liquidity; (3) fair price determination; (4) accurate and continuous reporting on sales and quotations; (5) information on listed companies; and (6) strict regulation for the protection of securityholders. Antithesis of OTC Security. |
Listed stocks
|
| Stocks
that are traded on an exchange. |
Listing |
| In
the context of real estate, written agreement between a property owner and a real estate broker that gives the broker
permission to find a buyer or tenant for some property. See: Listing broker. |
Listing broker In the context of equity, when a stock is traded in exchange it is said to be listed. |
| A
licensed real estate broker
who completes a listing of a property for sale. |
Listing requirements |
| Requirements,
including minimum shares outstanding, market
value, and income, that are laid down by an exchange
for any stock to be listed for trading. |
Living
benefits |
| Life
insurance benefits from which the insured can draw cash while still living, usually in the case of some high-cost illness. |
Lloyds of London |
| A
marketplace in London for underwriting syndicates. |
Load |
| The
sales fee charged to an investor
when shares are purchased in a load fund or annuity.
See: Bank-end load; front-end load;
level load. |
Load
fund
|
| A mutual
fund that sells shares
with a sales charge-typically 4% to 8% of the net amount indicated. Some no-load funds also levy distribution fees permitted by Article 12b-1 of the Investment Company Act; these are typically 0. 25%. A true no-load fund has neither a sales charge nor |
Load-to-load |
| Arrangement
whereby the customer pays for the last delivery
when the next one is received. |
Load
spread option |
| A method of allocating the annual sales charge on load funds, often through percentage deductions from a customer's periodic fixed payments. |
Loan |
| Temporary
borrowing of a sum of money. If you borrow $1 million you have taken out a loan for $1 million. |
Loan amortization schedule |
| The
timetable for repaying the interest
and principal on a loan. |
Loan commitment |
| Assurance
by a lender to make money available to a borrower on specific terms in return for a fee. |
Loan crowd |
| The
group of member firms that lend or borrow
securities needed to cover the positions of customers who have sold short securities. |
Loaned flat |
| Securities lent interest-free
between brokers to cover customers' short sale positions. |
Loan syndication |
| Group
of banks sharing a loan. See: Syndicate. |
Loan value |
| The
maximum percentage of the value of securities
that a broker can lend to a margin account customer, as dictated by the Federal Reserve Board in Regulation T. |
Loan-to-value ratio (LTV) |
| The
ratio of money borrowed on a property to the property's fair market value. |
Local |
| A
futures exchange
member who trades securities
for his or her own account. |
Local expectations theory |
| A
form of the pure expectations theory
that suggests that the returns
on bonds of different maturities
will be the same over a short-term investment horizon. |
Local taxes |
| Property,
sewer, school, or other community paid to a locality. Local taxes are usually deductible for federal income tax purposes. |
Lock |
| Used
in the context of general equities. Make a market
both ways (bid and offer)
either on the bid, offering,
or an in-between price only. Locking on the offering occurs to attract a seller, since the trader is willing to pay (and ask) the offering side when others only ask it. Locking on the bid side attracts buyers for similar reasons. Typically, the sell side requires a plus tick to comply with short
sale rules. |
Lock in |
| To
ensure that an individual transacts all his or her business with a sole broker by providing superior services, such as accommodating block buy and sell needs or preparing excellent research (soft-dollar lock). This usually guarantees a certain volume of business. |
Lock-out |
| With
PAC bond CMO
classes, the period before the PAC sinking
fund becomes effective. With multifamily
loans, the period of time during which prepayment
is prohibited. |
Lock-up CDs |
| CDs that are issued
with the tacit understanding that the buyer will not trade the certificate. Quite often, the issuing bank will insist that it hold the certificate for safekeeping by it to ensure that the buyer holds the understanding. |
Lock-up option |
| Often
used in risk arbitrage. Privilege offered a white
knight (friendly acquirer) by a target
company to buy crown jewels
or additional equity. The aim is to discourage a hostile takeover. See: Shark
repellent. |
Lockbox |
| A
collection and processing service provided to firms by banks, which collect payments from a dedicated postal box to which the firm directs its customers to send payment to. The banks make several collections per day, process the payments immediately, and deposit the funds into the firm's bank account. |
Locked in |
| When
an investor is unable to take advantage of preferential tax treatment because of time remaining on a required holding period. Also, a commodities
position in which the market
has a limit up or limit down day and investors
are unable to move in to or out of the market. |
Locked market |
| A
market is locked if the bid
price equals the ask price. This can occur, for example, if the market is brokered and one side pays brokerage only, in over-the-counter trading the initiator of the transaction. Highly competitive market environment with inside bid and offering at the same price. Often occurs when an OTC dealer has not updated the market. |
Log-linear least-squares method |
| A
statistical technique for fitting a curve to a set of data points. One of the variables is transformed by taking its logarithm, and then a straight line is fitted to the transformed set of data points. |
Lognormal
distribution
|
| Pattern of frequency of occurrence in which the logarithm of the variable follows a normal
distribution. Lognormal distributions are used to describe returns calculated over periods of a year or more. |
Lombard
rate
|
| Applies mainly to international equities. Interest rate the German Bundesbank uses as an upper limit to the day-to-day money rate, since no bank will pay higher rates in the money market than it has to pay for very short-term recourse to Lombard credit. |
London Commodity Exchange (LCE) |
| Merged
with the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange in 1996. |
London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) |
| The
rate of interest that major international banks in London charge each other for borrowings. Many variable interest rates in the U.S. are based on spreads off LIBOR. By contrast with the bid rate LIBID quoted by banks seeking such deposits. |
London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) |
| A
London exchange where Eurodollar
futures as well as futures-style
options are traded. |
London
Metal Exchange (LME) |
| A
market for trading
base metals, where traded options contracts
are available against the underlying
futures contract. |
London Stock Exchange (LSE) |
| The
U.K.'s six regional exchanges
joined together in 1973 to form the stock
exchange of Great Britain and Ireland, later named the LSE. The FTSE 100 index (known as the footsie) is its dominant index. |
Long
|
| One who has bought a contract to establish a market
position and who has not yet closed out this position through an offsetting sale; the opposite of short. |
Long
bonds |
| Bonds
with a long current maturity.
The "long bond" is the 30-year U.S. Treasury
bond. |
Long coupons |
| (1)
Bonds or notes
with a long current maturity.
(2) A bond on which one of the coupon
periods, usually the first, is longer than the other periods or the standard period. |
Long hedge
|
| The purchase of a futures
contract in anticipation of actual purchases in the cash market. Used by processors or exporters as protection against an advance in the cash price. Related: hedge, short hedge |
Long leg |
| The
part of an option spread in which an agreement to buy the underlying security is made. |
Long position |
| Owning
or holding options (i.e., the number of contracts bought exceeds the number of contracts sold). For equities, a long position occurs when an individual owns securities. An owner of 1,000 shares of stock
is said to be "Long the stock." Related: Short
position. |
Long run |
| A
period of time in which all costs are variable;
longer than one year. |
Long
straddle
|
| Taking a long
position in both a put
and a call option. |
Long-term |
| In
accounting terms, one year or longer. |
Long-term assets
|
| Value of property, equipment, and other capital assets minus the depreciation.
This is an entry in the bookkeeping records of a company. It is usually established on a "cost" basis, and thus does not necessarily reflect the market value of the assets. |
Long-term debt |
| An
obligation having a maturity
of more than one year from the date it was issued.
Also called funded debt. |
Long-term
debt/capitalization
|
| Indicator of financial leverage. Shows long-term debt as a proportion of the capital available. Determined by dividing long-term debt by the sum of long-term debt, preferred stock and common stockholder's equity. |
Long-term debt-to-equity ratio |
| A
capitalization ratio comparing long-term debt to shareholders' equity. |
Long-term
debt ratio |
| The ratio of long-term debt to total capitalization. |
Long-Term Anticipation Securities (LEAPS) |
| Long-term
options. |
Long-term financial plan |
| Financial
plan covering two or more years of future operations. |
Long-term financing |
| Liabilities repayable in more than one year plus equity. |
Long-term
gain |
| A profit
on the sale of a capital assets
held longer than 12 months, and eligible for long-term capital gains tax treatment. |
Long-term goals |
| Financial
goals expected to be accomplished in five years or longer. |
Long-term investor |
| A
person who makes investments
for a period of at least five years in order to finance his or her long-term goals. |
Long-term
liabilities
|
| Amount owed for leases,
bond repayment, and other items due after 1 year. |
Long-term loss |
| A
loss on the sale of a capital
asset held less than 12 months that can be used to offset a capital gain. |
Look |
| Used for listed equity securities. See: Picture. |
Look-thru |
| A
method for calculating U.S. taxes owed on income from controlled foreign corporations that was introduced by the Tax Reform Act of 1986. |
Lookback option |
| An
option that allows the buyer to choose as the option strike price any price of the underlying asset that has occurred during the life of the option. For a call option, the buyer will choose the minimum price; for a put option, the buyer will choose the maximum price. This option will always be in the money. |
Looking for |
| In
the context of general equities, this describing a buy interest in which a dealer
is asked to offer stock,
often involving a capital commitment. Antithesis of in touch with. |
Loophole |
| A
technicality in some legislation or regulation that makes it possible to avoid certain consequences or circumvent a rule without breaking the law, such as in the use of a tax shelter. |
Loose
credit |
| Policy by the Federal Reserve Board to make loans less expensive and more available by reducing interest rates through open market operations. |
Loss |
| The
opposite of profit. |
Loss-control activities |
| Actions
that an insured person or company takes at the instigation of an insurance company in order to prevent accidents or losses. |
Loss-of-income insurance |
| Insurance
coverage that will pay out income that a policyholder loses as a result of a disability, injury, or business disruption. |
Loss ratio |
| The
ratio of losses paid or accrued by an insurer to premiums
collected over a year. |
Lots |
| In the context of general equities, this blocks or portions of trades.
Can express a specific transaction in a stock
at a certain time, often implying execution
at the same price (e.g., "I traded 40m in two lots of 10 and four lots of 5."). |
Low |
| In
the context of general equities, this is a specific minimum limit required by a seller in execution an order
("I'll sell 50 with an eighth low."); implies a not-held
limit order. Antithesis of top. |
Low balance method |
| A
method of calculating interest
on the basis of the lowest balance of an account
over the applicable period. |
Low
ball |
| Slang for making an offer well below the fair value of an asset in hopes that the seller may be desperate to sell. |
Low-coupon bond refunding |
| Refunding
of a low-coupon bond
with a new, higher-coupon bond. |
Low
grade |
| A bond
with a rating of B or lower. |
Low
price
|
| The day's lowest price of a security that has changed hands between a buyer and a seller. |
Low
price-earnings ratio effect
|
| The tendency of portfolios
of stocks with a low price-earnings
ratio to outperform portfolios of stocks with high price-earnings ratios. |
Lump sum |
| A
large one-time payment of money. |