Very weak infrastructure: We need to invest around 100 Billion USD in infrastructure for capacity expansion, roads, transport facilities, communication facilities, power and electricity, connectivity through roads, air, and trains.

Weak urban utility system.

Low capacity utilization in the production / manufacturing system.

Low investment in manufacturing system.

Low entrepreneurial activities.

Technological Bottlenecks

Technological backwardness.

A weak R & D, Incubation activities.

Energy security: Very low, largely dependent on oil, coal and natural gas, largely imported. India's 70 per cent import bill comes from crude only.

Non-utilization of alternative sources of energy.

Financial Bottlenecks

Low financial inclusion: Around 60 per cent population without bank accounts.

Weak banking and financial system.

Exposure to equity market: Less than 1 per cent.

Exposure to life insurance: less than 30 per cent.

No world-class financial institution, bank or market.

Human Resource Bottlenecks

Number of graduates: Less than 5 per cent.

Literacy: 64 percent only.

Poor health, hygiene and medical facilities.

Poor education system: 6 IITs, 6 IIMs, 1 AIIMS catering to 1 billion population.

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* Contributed by: -
Prem Kumar (Finance) & Manvendra Pratap Singh (Marketing),
ICFAI Business School, Hyderabad.